The reliability of studies highlighting the adverse effects of vaping is often compromised by several factors. Many of these studies involve the use of defective or unregulated vaping products, which can skew the findings. Additionally, participants in these studies may already have underlying health issues or be concurrently using other substances, making it challenging to isolate the specific effects of vaping. Plus, if they're not cleaning their vapes properly, that can mess up the results too. So, it's best to take those studies with a grain of salt and consider all the factors before jumping to conclusions.