LogFAQs > #972912563

There are surprisingly many purely optional things in Outer Wilds that basically offer zero useful clues towards the endgame puzzles and instead just flesh out the story or give you ideas around the general goal of the game. At the most, they might just tell you to check another spot for information, but you could easily run into that other spot first. (i.e. "Nomai X wrote about how to do so-and-so in this location" but you could just find a sign for that location on another planet and follow the path on your own.

Sun Station
Quantum Moon and the three Quantum locations that teach its rules
Pretty much everything on Timber Hearth (you can shoot your scout into the seed, but you can also just find Feldspar with your signalscope while on Dark Bramble which makes this completely unnecessary)
The Attlerock
The Interloper
The High Energy Lab (sort of, it's a more direct reinforcement of information you could already learn at e.g. White Hole Station)
All locations above the water on Giant's Deep
The Orbital Probe Cannon, sort of (if you happen to just feel you should check out the Deep core when you learn how to)
Hollow's Lantern (probably easiest location to miss in the game)
Everything with the other travelers other than Feldspar's jellyfish hint

Consider that you only need to learn a few things to finish the game:
How to get below the current on Giant's Deep
How to get into Giant's Deep core
How to reach the center of Ash Twin
How to survive Anglerfish
How to locate the Vessel (but this is entirely self-contained in Dark Bramble other than getting the escape pod signal)

So yeah, there are a surprising amount of things you can just outright miss in a playthrough. Especially if you end up solving certain puzzles accidentally or with more "brute force" methods, which is more possible with some of these than others. That said, absolutely no one who has played this game to the end without looking up all the solutions or otherwise ruining it for themselves has ever felt like they didn't want to fill in the logbook and explore everything, from what I've seen.