Board 8 > Rank the Tracks 127: Bruce Springsteen - Born in the U.S.A. (+ Desired results)

(+) Yeah! (+)

ZaziGuado's week:
Jimmy Eat World - Bleed American
vs.
The Smashing Pumpkins - Siamese Dream
vs.
Muse - Black Holes and Revelations

Previous results can be seen here:
https://board8.fandom.com/wiki/Rank_the_Tracks
https://board8.fandom.com/wiki/Rank_the_Tracks_Set_2
https://board8.fandom.com/wiki/Rank_the_Tracks_Set_3

The rules:
1. Listen to the album in full
2. Rank every track on the album
3. For the results, there will be a curve at the top of each list; two additional points between #1 and #2, and one additional point for the next two ranks. This way, the songs that really stick out to someone get an edge that is not immediately negated by someone else putting it lower. In the case of Demon Days, someone's 15th track will get 1 point, 14th 2 points, 4th 12 points, 3rd 14 points, 2nd 16 points, and 1st 19 points. For albums with greater than 15 tracks, everything ranked below #15 will be given 0 points and the scale for the top 15 will be the same as a 15-track album. For albums with more than 20 tracks, you only have to list your top 15 (with 16-20, I still like having the average rank listed)
4. If you want to include comments for individual songs, I will compile them in the results
5. The results will be posted at the beginning of the next topic
6. The deadline to vote is Sunday, August 13 at 4:00 PM Central Time; the future week poll will close earlier, when I am putting up the next topic
7. You can sign up to be added to the user cycle (a new user will be added to the end of the current cycle as long as there are four weeks remaining) - the next person on the list will choose 3 albums which the other users will vote on for the next topic.
7a. To ensure people are being given an actual choice, the three nominated albums must be by different artists. You can otherwise stick to a similar sound or era.
7b. The tiebreaker for these polls will be whichever is listed first in the poll options - make sure to deliver the results in order of your own preference (which will hopefully have the added benefit of influencing people toward your first choice if they can't decide).
7c. I have added a tiered vote structure - the least popular album will be removed and its backup votes distributed to the other two entrants.
8. Starting with the next cycle, every four weeks will be a competitive week where those listed choose a single album to face off against others.
9. Skits and tracks under 40 seconds will be excluded from the rankings unless argued otherwise

Bruce Springsteen - Born in the U.S.A. track list:
1. Born in the U.S.A.
2. Cover Me
3. Darlington County
4. Working on the Highway
5. Downbound Train
6. I'm on Fire
7. No Surrender
8. Bobby Jean
9. I'm Goin' Down
10. Glory Days
11. Dancing in the Dark
12. My Hometown

Current cycle:
8/13: Steiner (Mr. Bungle - Disco Volante)
x: Snake5555555555 (skipping)
8/20: MetalmindStats' bonus (Madonna - Like a Prayer)
8/27: ZaziGuado
9/3: firefdr
9/10: Johnbobb
9/17: StifledSilence/FoolFantastic
9/24: VeryInsane
10/1: FoolFantastic
10/8: Seanchan
10/15: neonreaper/rwlh/darkx
10/22: Giggsalot
10/29: RyoCaliente
11/5: darkx
11/12: Steiner/Giggsalot/jcgamer107
11/19: neonreaper
11/26: Great_Paul
12/3: jcgamer107
12/10: Snake5555555555/RyoCaliente/BlueCrystalTear
12/17: ChichiriMuyo
12/24: BlueCrystalTear
12/31: rwlh
1/7: NFUN/Fluttershy_Pony/ChichiriMuyo
1/14: NFUN
1/21: StifledSilence
1/28: MaxGalactica
2/4: VeryInsane/ZaziGuado/HBJDubs

Future Cycle:
2/11: MetalmindStats
2/18: HBJDubs
2/25: Fluttershy_Pony
3/3: competitive week

The Smashing Pumpkins - Siamese Dream > Muse - Black Holes and Revelations > Jimmy Eat World - Bleed American

ZaziGuado on these choices:
"These are rock albums I've listened to a lot, but not as much recently. It'd be fun to revisit them. While I can't say definitively, my guess is each album is the most successful one for the respective band. They have recognizable (probably) singles and maybe some hidden surprises for people that have never listened to them before."

Smashin Pumpkins > Muse > JEW

Muse - Black Holes and Revelations > Jimmy Eat World - Bleed American > The Smashing Pumpkins - Siamese Dream

Wow, 2 of 3 that I've heard before and would have thought about nominating! (I think Bleed American might have been nom-ed before?) Have to give it to Muse, as I think that would be a fun one to rank. Bleed American also great and has one of my all-time favorite songs on it with A Praise Chorus, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPtFp1qRFcE. Never got into Smashing Pumpkins, despite them being very big back in the day.

First listen to Born in the U.S.A. done. And it truly was a first listen, as despite it being my choice I can now say I had not heard the full album before. There are 3 or 4 or 5 classic rock radio all-timers on here but the rest of the album was unknown to me.

I came away a bit surprised, honestly. When you think of Springsteen, you think about "AMERICA" or maybe I should say "'MERICA": small town, blue jeans, dirt, sweat, and manual labor, hanging out at a townie bar, shooting pool and drinking cheap beer. The Rust Belt and the Great Plains, despite the fact that Bruce was born in New Jersey. This album obviously has a lot of that, or at least an aura, real or imagined, of that. But there's also more going on; it felt more playful and broad than I expected. I think it was the 2nd song, Cover Me, that really caught me by surprise, especially after the title track.

bleed american > black holes > siamese dreams

tag, definitely doing this one

And since I don't think we've done Muse yet...
Muse > Pumpkins > Jimmy

Jimmy Eat World - Bleed American > The Smashing Pumpkins - Siamese Dream > Muse - Black Holes and Revelations

Tempted to put Siamese Dream first because The Pumpkins are hitting hard for me right now, but I normally prefer shorter albums so we'll keep it in nominated order. Mellon Collie would've beeen an interesting undertaking and I might prefer many of the songs to Siamese Dream, but two hours is a huge ask.

I have an empty household this week which is good because I should probably listen to a Bruce Springsteen album once in my life.

ZaziGuado posted...

I have an empty household this week which is good because I should probably listen to a Bruce Springsteen album once in my life.

A shame to waste that on the fourth-best Springsteen album.

FoolFantastic posted...

A shame to waste that on the fourth-best Springsteen album.

I was afraid of that when picking it. Born to Run, The River, and...? I defaulted to the most popular. The River is too long at nearly 90 minutes.

Born to Run, Darkness on the Edge of Town, and Nebraska

Well, Springsteen seems like an artist we could hit up again at some future point.

Black Holes and Revelations > Bleed American > Siamese Dream

I very strongly considered nomming Black Holes and Revelations for the poll last week, funnily enough. All three albums are pretty fantastic though.

Siamese Dream > Bleed American > Black Holes

First listen down.

This is such a good album - it's where The Boss starts incorporating pop hooks into his blue collar themes, creating an album with universal appeal. While some of the songs stand out more than others, it manages to sound like a cohesive unit while letting each serve its own purpose and still telling a story. I should listen to Born to Run and Nebraska in full again - it's been a long time tbh. But that's for another time.

Will want to do one more listen minimum before posting a final ranking.

Bleed American > Black Holes > Siamese Dream

Bleed American > Siamese Dream > Black Holes and Revelations

1: Born in the U.S.A.
2: I'm On Fire
3: Dancing In the Dark
4: Bobby Jean
5: Downbound Train
6: Glory Days
7: Darlington County
8: I'm Going Down
9: No Surrender
10: Cover Me
11: My Hometown
12: Working on the Highway

I'll try to type up some thoughts this evening.

(General Comments)

While this is one of the best albums we've covered and I really like it, I've been having a hard time figuring out exactly how much I like it. On the surface, this seems like an album that should be in the running for my favorite. I have a very clear affinity for songs with blunt sadness & pain and Bruce definitely delivers the type of lyrics I'm drawn to. Just the opening lines to the first track perfectly set the type of mood I'm here for:

"Born down in a dead man's town
The first kick I took was when I hit the ground"

And I'd also cite "I'm On Fire" for also really hitting the mark:

"Sometimes it's like someone took a knife, baby, edgy and dull
And cut a six-inch valley through the middle of my skull"

Ah, blunt misery. How I love thee. I'm also naturally drawn towards pop hits of the 80s and this album is as stacked with 80s hits as any Greatest Hits album, featuring several of Bruce's biggest songs and an incredibly catchy style. Even on tracks like "I'm Going Down" which is incredibly repetitive (he says "down" over 80 times), the music is so catchy that I honestly don't even mind the repetition. This feels like it's almost specifically created to be my favorite album of all time! And I do really like it, I might even kinda love it, but somehow it's just not at that absolute highest tier *in spite of everything it has going for it*. And I've been left puzzling over this for days now, trying to work out why I'm not completely in love with it.

My current theory is that in the search for mainstream success, Bruce sanded the edge off all of the songs. "Born in the USA" is a tragic look at the way the country failed Vietnam vets, but the song is so bloody enthusiastic that an alarming number of people miss the pain and tragedy altogether. Lyrical dissonance is a thing, yes, but I prefer my pain and anger to... actually have pain and anger in the delivery? And all the other tracks feel much the same; catchy & good, but lacking in emotional connection. At no point does he succeed in making me feel anything. I wouldn't say the music is inauthentic or hollow, but somehow, the combination of these stories & this musical style results in something that's less than the whole of its parts; A+ lyrics & A+ music blended together into a B+ paste.

Which is still pretty great! There aren't that many albums we've covered that I'd rate higher than this one and I enjoyed myself for almost its entire runtime. There's only one track that I disliked and even it's decent enough that I don't mind it. It's a very solid album and, considering the overwhelming success, it's quite apparent that Bruce made the right decisions. I just personally wish there was more emotion: really show me how angry the Vietnam war and its aftermath makes you, give me the cathartic release that your hometown is as despicable as mine, drive that dull knife into my skull so that I can feel your pain! But... well, catchy music is nice too.

-

Born in the USA: Perhaps the song that best illustrates how little attention people pay to the lyrics. Still, an all time classic that I find works equally well as something you actually think about or shut your mind off & enjoy the classic rock verses.

My Hometown: I honestly thought this would be one of my favorite songs as I tend to *love* songs complaining about hometowns (see: Shit Towne by Live, a song that I've gone back to so many times over the years), but this... never works for me. It's too downbeat to offer catharsis and doesn't have any really catchy hooks like many of the other songs on the album, Still, it's... fine. It's fine.

I think that's why I generally prefer three of the big Springsteen albums before Born in the USA. His best songs capture the daily traumas and escapism of working class American living, but Born in the USA sounds too bright and poppy to fully sell it to me. Now, to be clear, I'm saying this as someone with 4 Springsteen albums in my all-time top 100 including this one, but this album has the distinct sound of someone going pop, and I think it's the reason Springsteen gets treated like dad rock when his earlier subject matter feels like something that would resonate with the more politically minded generations that followed.

FoolFantastic posted...

I'm saying this as someone with 4 Springsteen albums in my all-time top 100 including this one

That answers a question I had. After doing a 2nd listen I was like "oh...this is kind of really good" and that got me wondering, based on your statement that you've got 3 above this, how high you have these albums ranked.

FoolFantastic posted...

I think that's why I generally prefer three of the big Springsteen albums before Born in the USA. His best songs capture the daily traumas and escapism of working class American living, but Born in the USA sounds too bright and poppy to fully sell it to me. Now, to be clear, I'm saying this as someone with 4 Springsteen albums in my all-time top 100 including this one, but this album has the distinct sound of someone going pop, and I think it's the reason Springsteen gets treated like dad rock when his earlier subject matter feels like something that would resonate with the more politically minded generations that followed.

Sounds promising. I'll have to try listening to them eventually.

Born in the U.S.A.
Glory Days
Dancing In the Dark
Cover Me
I'm On Fire
No Surrender
I'm Going Down
Darlington County
Downbound Train
Bobby Jean
My Hometown
Working on the Highway

Okay, second listen down.

I have my top 3 and bottom 3 pretty much set but I need to figure out 4 through 9 welp

Born in the U.S.A.
Dancing in the Dark
I'm on Fire
Glory Days
No Surrender
Bobby Jean
My Hometown
I'm Goin' Down
Cover Me
Downbound Train
Working on the Highway
Darlington County

Desired - Lovestory results

The participants sorted by deviation from final results:
Sheep007 (6)
Seanchan (14)
HBJDubs (18)
Fluttershy_Pony (20)
FoolFantastic (20)
Johnbobb (22)
MaxGalactica (22)

General Album Comments

Seanchan: My reaction? YEAH! Is this good in an objective sense? I don't know and I don't care! It was just very much "my bullshit"; the type of thing I'd put on when I want music I want to enjoy but don't have to think about. Also, did I immediately listen to Timeless right afterwards because it was higher up on Spotify's popularity for the band? Hell yes I did! Could I separate out the songs from those 2 albums? Heccccck no!

Fluttershy_Pony: I had a hard time picking three albums this cycle. I decided early on that I wanted something by "Was (Not Was)" [though I was torn between the mainstream popular album and my personal favorite] & Motionless in White was slotted in as my token "I'm going to keep nominating the types of metalcore I like" pick, but nothing I liked felt fitting for the final choice--if push came to shove, I probably would have nominated "Michael Bolton - Soul Provider", but I really wanted something else. So I kinda clicked aimlessly around Spotify & Bandcamp for a couple weeks, trying to find anything that I both liked & felt would nicely round out my list. Finding Lovestory was almost completely arbitrary; I'd just start somewhere random on Bandcamp & keep cicking the suggested/related albums until I got bored and somehow I wound up here, after a wildly convoluted path that I couldn't retrace even if I wanted to.

i was naturally drawn to the album almost immediately. I'm still interested in odd samples & this album is entirely about sampling and remixing music, so that's neat. It's a genre that I'd never heard of (Future Funk, an offshoot of vaporwave), so it was an enlightening experience. And it was incredibly catchy--I'm really into this lo-fi-esque, fairly low energy dance vibe the album gives off. It was a fun novelty, but i initially dismissed it as being an ill-fitting nomination: too obscure and too questionable in legality (we've had sample based music before, but this feels a bit different), so I resumed searching for a third pick...

...but I couldn't get Lovestory out of my head. It started as "let's just listen to one or two of the songs to get amped up before I start searching for a *real* album to nominate", then proceeded to "let's just take a break and listen to the whole album again", to "uhh... I've been listening to this album every day this week and I'm not actually looking for new music anymore...", and eventually "wait, this is actually one of the most popular future funk albums? And it's on Spotify? And a really short album that shows off a genre we've never covered actually kinda makes sense as a nomination??"

I became so obsessed with this album that (after confirming it was a valid nom) it actually wound up becoming my top pick! Admittedly, it's not the most diverse album--all nine songs share the same style, but that works for me since I love what it's doing. It'd probably be tedious if the album were longer, but the brisk runtime keeps it from becoming repetitive or redundant. It's definitely one of my favorite albums and I'm glad I got a chance to share it with everyone, even if I'm not entirely clear on where I found it.

Sheep007: Short, sweet, and very fun. Everything aside from the bottom track was good and even that was fine. Gives me a lot of nostalgia for things Ive never heard before. There's nothing incredibly special to it, and I don't think there's some genius artistic vision but god does it sound good. I enjoyed every single song, something I can't say about many albums. I'll give some of their other albums a listen sometime soon.

Johnbobb: this was not really my thing. also with the exception of Sunshine Aerobics, some of the most generic song titles I've seen

FoolFantastic: Not completely sure I get Future Funk but it's nice background music at the very least

Seanchan: I enjoyed this. It's just fun, easy listening music. At the same time, I have to admit it's very ephemeral music, like cotton candy that just melts away almost immediately. That is to say that while it's great fun in the moment, it doesn't have "staying power" or "message" of something like SOPHIE's album. So there's this sort of dichotomy in my mind of subjectively liking this more, while at the same time, knowing this is objectively not as "good" of an album in a more critical sense.

Listening to Desired, Spotify linked me to this Future Funk playlist, which is also great fun. Haven't listened to all of it but there was some stuff that reminded me of Homework era Daft Punk.

https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DXbjGYBfEmjR5?si=0c99ebc919404e01

MaxGalactica: Pretty enjoyable album. I don't think there was any individual song that I'd regularly go back to, but it was a fun listen. Pretty well-produced and the vocals are pretty solid too. Not a lot else to say about this one, Seanchan's comments are pretty spot on.

HBJDubs: Solid album all-around.

Lovestory track ranking

9. All I Need (Track #3)
Score: 17 (Average Rank: 7.57/9)
Biggest Fan(s): FoolFantastic, HBJDubs (#5)
Biggest Detractor(s): Sheep007, Johnbobb, Seanchan, MaxGalactica (#9)

Sheep007: Not fond of the vocal range in this one. Feels a bit generic after the bops that are the first two songs, and the only bits I really like are the bridges.

8. Lose It (Track #7)
Score: 20 (Average Rank: 7.14/9)
Biggest Fan(s): MaxGalactica (#5)
Biggest Detractor(s): FoolFantastic (#9)

7. Don't Stop (Track #2)
Score: 35 (Average Rank: 5.43/9)
Biggest Fan(s): MaxGalactica (#2)
Biggest Detractor(s): HBJDubs (#9)

6. Never Fall in Love Again (Track #9)
Score: 38 (Average Rank: 5.14/9)
Biggest Fan(s): Johnbobb, FoolFantastic (#2)
Biggest Detractor(s): Fluttershy_Pony (#9)

5. Excuses (Track #5)
Score: 38 (Average Rank: 5/9)
Biggest Fan(s): Fluttershy_Pony (#2)
Biggest Detractor(s): MaxGalactica (#8)

Sheep007: Not sure about the sample at the start, but the beat is damn fine.

4. In Love (Track #4)
Score: 48 (Average Rank: 4.43/9)
Biggest Fan(s): Fluttershy_Pony, MaxGalactica (#1)
Biggest Detractor(s): Johnbobb (#8)

3. I'm So Alone (Track #8)
Score: 51 (Average Rank: 4.14/9)
Biggest Fan(s): Johnbobb, FoolFantastic (#1)
Biggest Detractor(s): HBJDubs (#8)

Sheep007: Mmmm, nice brass. I think itd be even better without the anime boy sampling.

2. Sunshine Aerobics (Track #1)
Score: 57 (Average Rank: 3/9)
Biggest Fan(s): Seanchan (#1)
Biggest Detractor(s): Fluttershy_Pony, Johnbobb, FoolFantastic, MaxGalactica (#4)

Sheep007: What a weird idea for a song. High energy, one hell of a bop, amazing introduction to the album.

1. Broken Heart (Track #6)
Score: 60 (Average Rank: 3.14/9)
Biggest Fan(s): Sheep007, HBJDubs (#1)
Biggest Detractor(s): Johnbobb, MaxGalactica (#6)

Sheep007: This has an early 2000s feel to it, with some tasty guitar thrown in. It feels like something you heard at 2am when arriving in a niche indie club, right before something more generic came on. You wake up in the morning with no hangover, you go back to where the club was to look for who made it, and it doesnt exist, and you sure as hell cant find out who the DJ was, but that song is gonna be in your head forever.

One thing that's so fantastic about a quality Springsteen album like this is that it feels like a Greatest Hits compilation - almost every song is a banger. This is true with this one, Born to Run, and Nebraska; each is a phenomenal listen. Like Nebraska, this one has this blue collar concept, but the themes tie the story together more tightly - the result is a cohesive album where the songs work as a unit as well as on their own, and the incorporated pop hooks made this a smashing success. He recorded a whopping 80 songs during this time, a list which includes other good stuff like "Pink Cadillac", "None but the Brave" and "County Fair" - all of which would've been welcome here, but he wanted to shoot for about 45 minutes for a reason. The album works largely because it doesn't overstay its welcome.

Quick aside: A cool story about Springsteen from around these parts was that, back in 2004, he was campaigning with John Kerry and performed on stage at a rally. Someone hung a "THE BOSS COULD USE A FREE BEER" sign from their porch across the street. He pointed it out to Kerry, who said "after." So after the rally, Springsteen went over to that house and talked to the two guys who lived there over beers for half an hour. Shows how cool the man is.

1. I'm on Fire - Haunting and beautiful. An underrated gem in Springsteen's repertoire.
2. Dancing in the Dark - One of the catchiest songs the man ever recorded. A true classic.
3. Born in the U.S.A. - Really noticing the drum work and how much punch that brings here.
4. Glory Days - The song passes you by, but it's glorious while it lasts. A radio staple for a reason.
5. Cover Me - This dark 80s sound fits the urgency the Boss is feeling; it's pretty great
6. Bobby Jean
7. My Hometown
8. I'm Goin' Down
9. No Surrender
10. Downbound Train
11. Darlington County - While still good, this one doesn't do anything that the others don't do better.
12. Working on the Highway - Forgettable just because of everything surrounding it. Really, the only song here that's not a banger, and it could've been left off for something else.

1. Dancing in the Dark
2. I'm on Fire
3. Born in the U.S.A.
4. My Hometown
5. Glory Days
6. Downbound Train
7. No Surrender
8. Cover Me
9. Bobby Jean
10. I'm Goin' Down
11. Darlington County
12. Working on the Highway

I liked this album a lot more than I was expecting. Born in the U.S.A. is a song that I'd normally dislike for being as repetitive as it is, but it hits the right notes and the accompaniment to the main motif is varied enough that I don't feel the repetition too much (I'm Goin' Down is a song that doesn't do as well at selling the repetition to me). Dancing in the Dark is a classic and I'm on Fire is gorgeous. Really good, well-rounded album.

1. Dancing in the Dark
2. Cover Me
3. Glory Days
4. Bobby Jean
5. I'm on Fire
6. I'm Goin' Down
7. No Surrender
8. Born in the U.S.A.
9. Darlington County
10. Downbound Train
11. Working on the Highway
12. My Hometown

This is a very good album. In many ways my feelings about it are very similar to Ziggy Stardust, another rock classic that I hadn't heard in full before we covered it; I was surprised by the first listen and then I enjoyed it even more on subsequent listens. I'm still not a big fan of the title track, and I think that can color your expectations of an album that is generally more fun and playful than the initial song lets on.

Dancing in the Dark
I'm Goin' Down
Glory Days
Downbound Train
I'm On Fire
Born in the U.S.A.
Bobby Jean
My Hometown
Darlington County
Cover Me
No Surrender
Working on the Highway

This album didn't do a whole lot for me. Dancing in the Dark is a great song, but nothing else could really reach that height. The songs aren't bad by any stretch, but I just don't get much enjoyment out of listening to them. There is a feeling of nostalgia that radiates from the tracks, but nothing that touches me in the way it probably touches others. Perhaps if I was of the era I would cling to it more. I only did one listen, and I can sense there is room for growth, but I don't think I could ever appreciate this album in the way others do.

Black Holes > Siamese Dream > Bleed American

Dancing In The Dark
Downbound Train
Born In The U.S.A.
Glory Days
No Surrender
Bobby Jean
My Hometown
Cover Me
Working On The Highway
Darlington County
I'm On Fire
I'm Goin' Down

Could never really get into Springsteen but I kinda dig the top half of the rankings here. Extra props to Downbound Train - this was the first time I've heard the song and I really enjoy it.

I held off (until past the deadline! Apologies, I don't expect to see this in the rankings for the next album but I wanted to post it to keep in the habit of doing these) on ranking this album because I really wasn't expecting to like it, and I was proved... sorta correct? I have a cagy relationship with what I dub "fella rock", and this escaped one of the two traps it tends to fall into, which is being bland and devoid of personality. That said, it launched headfirst into the other trap, which is lyrics that give me the ick. Thankfully, I think I managed to tune out the details by the time I got to the second mention of "little girl" of the album, and it was mostly plain sailing from there! One positive that stood out to me throughout was that the drumwork was very clean, and it's not a bad album in the slightest. There's some interesting themes throughout and I can feel the experiences he's trying to convey, but it just doesn't connect with me. That's okay, but kind of a shame given how much I love a lot of other 80s rock that makes heavy use of synth.

1) Dancing in the Dark This song is miles above everything else on this album. I've not heard it for years, and it's catchy, lyrically kinda fun, and the synth is great.
2) Cover Me
3) I'm on Fire
4) Glory Days
5) Working on the Highway - For some reason, this one also won't leave my head post-listen. I didn't even like it that much, but points for being an earworm, for some reason?
6) Downbound Train
7) My Hometown
8) Born in the U.S.A - The riff from this song is infernally catchy. Unfortunately, chewing polystyrene is more exciting than it, and polishing off a box of the stuff might be less repetitive. It takes talent to come up with that to begin with, though!
9) Bobby Jean
10) No Surrender
11) I'm Goin' Down
12) Darlington County

Uhhh, I guess I'll share these results in the next thread instead (just saving from potential purge)